Hayez And His Works During The Romanticism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 974 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Art Essay Level High school Tags: Romanticism Essay Did you like this example? In Europe, and specifically Italy, Love was expressed through a series of literary works and paintings. In paints, the use of color, texture and environment and culture brings out the concept presentation of love and time as desired by the artist. Hayez was very talented and often used socio-cultural impacts to explain the love component of the society. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Hayez And His Works During The Romanticism" essay for you Create order The emotional scenic demonstration of love through pictorial paints were bound to be interpreted differently, since everyone perceives a picture differently. However, the themes that Hayez stressed on were very much outstanding and logically equivocal. To date his paints are treasured in national museums in Italy, Germany and France (The National Gallery, London). One of his major works, the Melancholy was very emotional and showed a concrete imaginative ability of expressing in love in a freer dimensional state. That means that love was sometimes an uncontrollable part of the person in true love (Didier Samedi, 142-154). He was a renowned artist whose works often focused on the free will of action. It is however very imperative to understand that he pushed for change that would come from within an individual, which would help in transforming the mindsets of the various communities to uphold ethics and free will (Elisa). Hayez works were very important in expressing individualism among the people and he often stressed on the emotional attachment on his paintings. As an elite painter, Hayez made sure his work was relevant to the socio political and historical aspects of Italy. The Socio-cultural development in Italy were greatly impacted by the Romanticism movement (Elisa). In Italy, music and love paintings were very common and were expressed in a more emotional way (Rampazzi et al). The common medium of presenting love was basically through painting and literary works which included poetry and novelists writing. Hayez falls in the former category, and exploited every single opportunity of expressing beauty, love and emotion as complete bundle that was necessary for the growth of and nurturing of personal serenity of whoever was the targeted audience. Hayez often presented his symbolic romance in painting while focusing on the melodramatic characteristics of the romanticism (Didier Samedi, 142-154). In Italy, the movement was relatively slow and was therefore superseded by the neoclassicism. The refined paintings and the title that they were given often portrayed very definitive and symbolic figure of beauty and environment. The landscape features in Hayezrs painting as always gave well documented and reliable stature. Talking about Love, ?The Kiss was a very phenomenal work. The paint expresses an undying love, expressed outside in a hall way at a corner that leads to some kind of staircase (Elisa). This work made Hayez vary famous and was highly rated by the contemporaries during his time. The two people kissing were most likely young and required to show each other The two lovebirds were showing very stunning warm and emotional hug, most likely a loving hug. The paint was so romantic that anyone who came across it could not have a different interpretation (Elisa). At the time of the creation of the paint, love and individualism was a key aspect of themes that Hayez was desperately seeking to express. It is however worthy understanding that this was his most valued romantic paints of all times, and earned him respect in the larger Italy nation as a whole. Love was a very discrete and more complex phenomenon during the Romanticism (Elisa). In his description of free will and implementation of the much sought after love in a rapidly dynamic society, some Hayez work were relatively displaying nudity and romance in a combined model presentation. One such paint is the ?Susanna at her Bath. With a highly valued texture of the paint that presents a more solid picture of a well described aspect of life in a free will society. The paint is analytically said to have emanated from French culture of showcasing nudity in artwork. The free will to express oneself, especially the as a figure of appreciating beauty is boldly expressed in the paint of ?Susanna at her Bath. The artwork is derived from the biblical Susanna from the book of Daniel (Chapter 13), a story of two men who approached and Susanna and lust after her after seeing her nude in her bath. This paint is phenomenally tied to the important aspect of fidelity and true love in society. The nudity depiction shows that if brain is exposed to nude figures, our emotional thoughts and sexuality are visually impacted. Conclusively, romanticism movement was closely tied to love and free will, and that is what Hayez exploited most: the communal aspects and the kind of cultural perspectives that viewed the authority as more of oppressive than beneficial. The movement began in Europe and later on spread to most parts of South and North America (Rampazzi et al). In American Literature for instance, the movement was used to depict the socio-political impacts of the governing systems. Since the movement was using arts as a medium for presenting the occasions that the people were exposed to, it was bound to last long. In Europe, Romanticism was mainly a way of expressing how the society felt about the freedom that love brought upon different communities. Through painting as an information mechanism, there was a possible way of emancipating the masses about their responsibilities to exercise true love and stop oppression. The love for humanity and was displayed in work through the deep consideration of emotions and individualism. In describing the nature and attitudes of the expected behavioral concepts we realize that Hayez work was pegged to culture and society so much that he became part of the paints literacy (Elisa). Expressing free will and the aspect of love in the days when tyranny and oppression was the theme of life was somewhat an enl ightenment that Hayez exploited informationally.

The Maquiladora Socio Economic And Environmental Impact On...

Terry Gutierrez Poli 146A Analytical Paper December 9, 2014 The Maquiladora Socio-economic and Environmental Impact on the U.S.-Mexico Border During the late twentieth century, nations throughout the Western Hemisphere found themselves exhausted economically due to a combination of recessions which occurred from the late sixties to the early nineteen eighties-caused most in part due to energy crises and government regulations to combat inflation (due to counteract Cold War spending). Combined with growing economic interdependence, due to the need for foreign resources needed for the sustainable growth and expansion of consumer-based manufacturing markets in the developed world-beginning post World War Two, the United States and impactful developing states sought to create regional zones of economic integration that could provide solutions to internal economic concerns of employment, growth, and governmental sustainability, as well as provide a platform for prosperity in regards to capitalism, inter-market sustainability, and geo-economic authority within the region. In order to do this, beginning in the late nineteen seven ties, pro-capitalistic states, such as Chile, Mexico, and most recognizably the United States- , and different economic institutions-such as the World Bank and the IMF- pushed for a new wave of liberalism, emphasizing revamped laissez-faire policies. This resurgence of classical economic liberal ideology, which is known as neoliberalism, emphasized growthShow MoreRelatedNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)1764 Words   |  8 Pagesthemselves. The duties on U.S goods exported to Mexico were slashed by fifty percent, and other restrictions were to be detached from a lot of categories, such as motor vehicles, computers, automotive parts, and agricultural goods. NAFTA was also put into action so to safeguard the intellectual property rights of the companies, such as patents, copyrights, and trademarks. Other supporting agreements were also inked in later years, which allowed for worker and environmental protection. Although a lotRead MoreEcological Concern in International Busin ess6824 Words   |  28 Pagesnew market for their products and services. The environmental standards and norms play a significant role in determining the competitiveness of products and goods on the international market. Environmental responsibility is a vital component of a business strategy as it not only helps the environment, but it wins the trust of communities and gains the respect of the governments of the countries in which the business operates. All businesses impact on the environment: they emit pollution, they produceRead MoreEu, Nafta, Asean12786 Words   |  52 Pagesconsidered as a single entity. | This box:   * view   * talk   * edit | The  European Union  (EU) (English  pronunciation:  i/ËÅ'jÊŠÉ™rəˈpiË Ã‰â„¢n  Ã‹Ë†juË njÉ™n/[10]) is an  economic  and political union of 27  member states  which are located  primarily  in  Europe.[11]  The EU traces its origins from the  European Coal and Steel Community  (ECSC) and the  European Economic Community  (EEC), formed by  six countries  in 1951 and 1958 respectively. In the intervening years the EU has grown in size by  the accession of new member states  andRead MoreInfluence of Culture on Strategic Human Resource6353 Words   |  26 Pagescultures have generally adopted on the one hand the assumption that organizations develop a culture of their own that is distinct from the national and industry contexts in which the organization is embedded, thus ignoring the potential impact of external environmental factors on organizational culture. On the other hand, some researchers and scholars have questioned the validity and reliability of national culture-SHRM practices research. The current paper explores the employee cultural values inRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesInternational Systems of Law in the Twentieth Century †¢ Jean H. Quataert 116 5 The Impact of the Two World Wars in a Century of Violence †¢ John H. Morrow Jr. 161 6 Locating the United States in Twentieth-Century World History †¢ Carl J. Guarneri 213 7 The Technopolitics of Cold War: Toward a Transregional Perspective †¢ Gabrielle Hecht and Paul N. Edwards 271 8 A Century of Environmental Transitions †¢ Richard P. Tucker 315 About the Contributors †¢ 343 _

Ethical Reaction Accounting To the Dilemma †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About the Ethical Reaction Accounting To the Dilemma? Answer: Introduction: The process of simulation of the human intelligence as performed especially by the computers is referred to as the AI or Artificial Intelligence. The self-driving cars, autonomous in nature, outfitted with AI, have been conducting in-depth learning just like human brains (Deng, 2015). It has been felt that the implementation of such cars in real life could give birth to risks. However, there lie various expectations from such advanced technology. For the purpose of the given case study, ethical dilemmas, responses and values confronting AI are assessed. Ethical dilemma confronting AI: As the laws are unable to guide, returning to the moral compass is observed. Some of the ethical dilemmas identified are regarding: The Trolley Problem: Autonomous cars might face some no-win situations. Operating programs of them is expected to choose the lesser evil. However, it is an unreasonable faith to presume that the programming would sort the problems without any deliberate discussion on ethics. Human beings never think much regarding the difficult and uncomfortable choices to save others lives, but programmers have to do detailed analysis on that. Ethics regarding number of life of people in danger is incomplete and nave (Conitzer et al., 2017). Conflicting values, duties and rights come into play here. The road ahead: The responsibilities of the automated cars must vary. Some of the AI cars could be obligated in dangerous situations to sacrifice themselves with their occupants. Others might not do such. For common sense in risk, the insurance is the ultimate line of defense. There is an argument that insurance industries would go belly-up as the risk of insurance against gets minimized (Bonnefon, Shariff Rahwan, 2016). The susceptibility of the cars to hacking is a concern. The way it would behave under hijack or breaking in is likely to be seen. Ethical response to the dilemma according to the consequences alone: For obvious reasons there have been no-win scenarios. This has been really bad for both the AI consultant and customers of the cars. As any human driver makes any fatal snap-decision during emergency, it would be just a tragic accident. The driver would be hard-pressed to be blamed upon. However, if any AI driver performs the same mistake it stays no longer any unfortunate reflex. It is like a premeditated homicide. The AI consultant must suggest the cars to be programmed such that its behavior is purposely trained or scripted. Hence there lies imposition for the legal liability (Burton et al., 2017). There are ethical responses as any automaker thinks that it would be better to choose one persons life than more than one. It could be said that there has been decision to be assumed right. However, if decided systematically the protection to the driver is ber alles be faulted. This is especially in such cases where the decision of design has been made by consulting the AI consultants in secret unilaterally. Ethical response to those dilemma according the principles and duties of AI consultant: The first problem about the ethical response according to any consistent principle applications is that the futures of the AI-cars are unpredictable. However, the AI consultants have various tasks required to perform. One part of the issue is the lack of imagination of the AI consultants. The responsibilities of the AI consultants have been in the horseless carriage level of the technology. They have been aware of describing the technology as they are not rather than fighting over what they have been truly (Casey, 2017). The AI-cars has not been replacing the human drivers just like the human drivers when fist came into being did not replace the horses. The decision of the AI consultants would impact the automating transportation. This would the change our society in radical approaches. Only ethics could help guiding it. Ethical response to the dilemma according response of caring persons: The assistive technologies for the disabled and the aging populations have been pioneered by various researches. However there have been risks regarding the dependency of the assistance of artificial intelligence companions for the caring persons. Regarding the autonomous cars, the researches should ask cogent queries about the usage of its creations. The ethics at the interface of the robot-human is required to be addressed. Ethical does about human beings and for the machines are needed to be analyzed. It has been a serious subject of concern for various growing nations. There should be legislations targeting the issues of AI cars. There should be professional ethical codes for the designers of robots and the engineers like other disciplines (Malle et al., 2015). As per as caring of persons are concerned issues must be factorized regarding deployment, building and designing of robots. The ACS Code of Professional Conduct: An important professional characteristic is been required for the members to follow the ethical codes. The code of ACS, has been established as professional conducting code as a part of the regulations in the society. These could be applied to any member of the ACS. Working in the area of ICT or Information and communication technology, has determined six fundamental ethical values. Along with these necessities for the professional conducts are included. The society has been demanding the members to follow the values and acts with integrity and responsibilities. The code has been intended as a collection of rule for the acceptable models to be practiced in the ICT industry. It has been backed up by the advisory materials for particular fields like artificial intelligence (Bostrom Yudkowsky, 2014). The artificially intelligent cars have been now able to tackle various everyday tasks. The technologies have been continuing to evolve. With the tackling of different jobs it has been overthrowing the employers working on those specific tasks. However, various organizations have been embracing such tasks saving energies. The human beings have been lying over the edge of the inflation point. The self driving cars have been come out on todays roads, the harbingers of the driverless world. The world of the self-driving cars has been appealing for certain reasons as discussed in a session of ACS strategy. The time wasted over traffic could be put for better usages (Bringsjord Sen, 2016). Despite these, the world wide usage of the autonomous cars indicates that professional drivers would be thrown out of their professions. There would be millions of truck drivers that have been standing to lose their work as the self-driving cars become a norm. Provide defenses on ethical grounds: The AI has been able to collect and assess videos from various users. Thus they could alert them about the potential dangers. The gathered information could send to a network, using real-time interpretation. This has been done for anticipating the smartest action course for the cars minimizing harms or doing away with the accidents completely. It would also be able to alert other drivers as detected by another user or included in any crash. The AI delivers the pivotal connection between the autonomous future and contemporary vehicles. Presently, most of the cars do not involve the continuous functioning sensors or cameras which could sort the accident avoidance or detection (Stock, Guerini Pianesi, 2016). However, various organizations are looking for such technologies. These would become reality in the years to come. Thus various benefits could be provided by such autonomous vehicles avoiding accidents on the roads. Solving of the ethical dilemma by AI consultants: The self-driving cars could help in putting an end to the quantity of tragic incidents with serious injuries occurring more often in the current world. Regardless the quantity and quality of self-resistance and crash-avoidable functionalities the car may possess, it is urged to be urged to the drivers from the side of AI consultants to drive responsible with caution. The AI consultant should observe certain points (Etzioni Etzioni, 2016). Making sure that the driver is sober: As drink is consumed, it is not suggested to go beyond the wheel-period. Being well rested before starting journey: Like the drunk driving, the fatigue driving could be just as dangerous as it. Following the posted laws of traffic: The rules are meant for keeping the system and others secured. Paying attention on the roads: Every distraction must be put away like the cell phones. Avoiding the road rage: Keeping the anger and emotions in control is desired. Otherwise it could result in dangerous outcomes while driving (Etzioni Etzioni, 2016). Conclusion: As the autonomous cars have been becoming widespread, questions have been arising regarding security. This also includes the assurance that the technology is safe and tested properly before releasing on roads. The vehicles with their connected infrastructure create scopes for attacks. There have been also various questions regarding ethics. The automated cars have been promising high profits and undesired consequences difficult to indicate. Changes are inescapable and it has been not necessarily a poor factor by itself. However, the main damages and disruptions are to be avoided and anticipated wherever possible. This is responsibilities of ethics in the public policies as indicated by the ACS code of conduct. It could make the path for better future. However, it could also turn wreck as it is not kept looking ahead. References: Bonnefon, J. F., Shariff, A., Rahwan, I. (2016). The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles.Science,352(6293), 1573-1576. Bostrom, N., Yudkowsky, E. (2014). The ethics of artificial intelligence.The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, 316-334. Bringsjord, S., Sen, A. (2016). On Creative Self-Driving Cars: Hire the Computational Logicians, Fast.Applied Artificial Intelligence,30(8), 758-786. Burton, E., Goldsmith, J., Koenig, S., Kuipers, B., Mattei, N., Walsh, T. (2017). Ethical considerations in artificial intelligence courses.arXiv preprint arXiv:1701.07769. Casey, B. J. (2017). Amoral Machines, or: How Roboticists Can Learn to Stop Worrying and Love the Law. Conitzer, V., Sinnott-Armstrong, W., Borg, J. S., Deng, Y., Kramer, M. (2017). Moral Decision Making Frameworks for Artificial Intelligence. Deng, B. (2015). THE ROBOT'S DILEMMA.Nature,523(7558), 24. Etzioni, A., Etzioni, O. (2016). AI assisted ethics.Ethics and Information Technology,18(2), 149-156. Etzioni, A., Etzioni, O. (2017). Incorporating Ethics into Artificial Intelligence.The Journal of Ethics, 1-16. Malle, B. F., Scheutz, M., Arnold, T., Voiklis, J., Cusimano, C. (2015, March). Sacrifice one for the good of many?: People apply different moral norms to human and robot agents. InProceedings of the tenth annual ACM/IEEE international conference on human-robot interaction(pp. 117-124). ACM. Russell, S., Dewey, D., Tegmark, M. (2015). Research priorities for robust and beneficial artificial intelligence.AI Magazine,36(4), 105-114. Stock, O., Guerini, M., Pianesi, F. (2016, February). Ethical dilemmas for adaptive persuasion systems. InProceedings of the Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence(pp. 4157-5161). AAAI P

The Sin Of Nadab Abihu Essay Example For Students

The Sin Of Nadab Abihu Essay Verse: (Lev. 10:1) And Nadab and Abihu, the sons of Aaron took either of them his censer, and put fire therin, and put incense thereon, and offered strange fire before the Lord, which he commanded them not. (King James)The Sin of Nadab Abihu: An Exegesis There is no clear consensus as to what sin Nadab and Abihu committed as detailed in verse 10:1 of the book Leviticus, in the Hebrew bible. Some commentators like to take into consideration material previously mentioned, some like the literal view of the story, others try to narrow the possibilities to come to a conclusion, while still more understand it all as simply a figurative tale. But in truth, few if any of the explanations this exegesist looked through seemed satisfactory, but blended together, and analyzed individually, they did form a far more satisfactory intrepretation of my own. The story is that Aaron, the newly consecrated Israelite High Priest had two sons, Nadab and Abihu, who were consumed by God for offering strang e fire before him. This occruance took place during the Octave-day celebrations which were taking place for the opening of the just completed Tent Of Meeting, or Tabernacle. Sacrifices, and prayers were to take place each day with special ritualistic rules in the preparation and performance of each. The priests were chiefly responsible for the running of events, and as most scholars agree Nadab and Abihu at the time of their death were priests, and so were presumably performing their priestly duties. Where the break in agreement occurs is with the question that naturally arises: What did Nadab and Abihu do wrong? The answer to this question lies in the context of the verse, the bigger picture involved. This does not, however, mean that it is clear enough so one can realize it with a read through or two. We will write a custom essay on The Sin Of Nadab Abihu specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now To best comprehend the situation, an understanding of the verse must be realized. The realization in this case is best accompolished through a translation of the verse from the original Hebrew that can put a clear picture of the happenings taking place. Unfortunately such a translation is not available. The King James is to poetic to be vivid, and the RSV changes the true meanings of words too much to be respected. Similar arguments could be put for the other translations out there. Faced with such a dillema, one must undertake the translating upon himself: Then took Nadab and Abihu, the sons of Aaron, each his censer and placed in them fiery coals, and put on them incense and sacrificed before the Lord with strange fire, which he had not commanded them. With this translation it is clear that the action is taking place with a specific sequence, in an event that has to be taken into consideration. Furthermore, it clarifies the problem with the strange fire to explain that the fire was strange because it wasnt what God had commanded to be done. It is admitted, however, that this translation does not answer any questions beyond what any sentence can at any time answer. It is just a tale of events, and as any sentence studied individually would be, is a bit obscure. The whole picture must be taken into consideration. As for some explanation of the terms used: A censer is a pan used to carry coals. It has practical used even today in the middle east. The incense was a mixture of sweet herbs and spices as prescribed in Exodus 30:34. The one phrase that needs to be further developed is the hebrew esh zara or strange fire. The word esh as used here refers to fiery coals, but it has nevertheless compelled many scholars try to interpret it, mostly to fit their own theoretical views. In its present form esh zara, simply means a fire taken from an unauthorized source. This is what had made it strange and unholy for use in the Tent of Meeting. The use of the word zara which means strange, is a bit puzzling. Only a handful of times has the this form of strange been used in the Torah. Three other places other than Lev. 10:1 its been used to retell the reason Nadab and Abihu were consumed, one it has been used as ketoret zara or strange incense in Ex. 30:9, and once it has been used to explain how God was aroused into jealousy in Dt. 32:16. Every other time the word strange was used the root word necher was used. In Ex. 30:9 it is interesting to note that the verse like Lev. 10:1 is about incense offering on the altar. Aaron is warned not to offer any strange incense on the inner altar, after being told to burn incense on it every morning. One can only suppose that when strange fire is used in Lev. 10:1 it is not the same as strange incense used in Exodus. Therefore, this is further proof that the sin of Nadab and Abihu lay in the fire not the incense. The surrounding text has been disected by many scholars, but confusion, and uncertainty devalue the ins ight rendered by each. The material preceding the text details the events taking place during the eight-day, or octave-day celebration that took place when the tabernacle was completed, and ready for official use. Public prayers, and various sacrifices were prescribed, and all were performed by the priest(s). Directly preceding Lev. 10:1 in 9:23,24 is the detail of how Moses and Aaron on the eighth day went into the tabernacle, came out and blessed the people, and how the glory of God was shown to the people in the form of a divine fire that consumed the burnt offering laid on the outer altar. Immediately following verse 10:1 the death of Nadab and Abihu takes place, and in v.3 Moses is depicted giving this quote from God to Aaron: I will be sanctified in them that come nigh me, and before all the people I will be glorified. Aaron is then depicted as holding his calm, or grief. Following the section about Nadab and Abihu in v.9 is an admonishment to the priests not to enter the Tent of Meeting while under the influence of alcohol, or face death as punishment. This reference to intoxication has led many scholars to conclude that Nadab and Abihu were drunk, and this is why they were consumed. The larger unit containing the octave-day activities and the material following Nadab and Abihu is basically a priestly hankbook as to what was expected of them, their responsibilities, and the punishments awaiting them if they fail to follow the prescriptions. .uaa68cbdcac34c758d59e9c10a55c610b , .uaa68cbdcac34c758d59e9c10a55c610b .postImageUrl , .uaa68cbdcac34c758d59e9c10a55c610b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaa68cbdcac34c758d59e9c10a55c610b , .uaa68cbdcac34c758d59e9c10a55c610b:hover , .uaa68cbdcac34c758d59e9c10a55c610b:visited , .uaa68cbdcac34c758d59e9c10a55c610b:active { border:0!important; } .uaa68cbdcac34c758d59e9c10a55c610b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaa68cbdcac34c758d59e9c10a55c610b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaa68cbdcac34c758d59e9c10a55c610b:active , .uaa68cbdcac34c758d59e9c10a55c610b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaa68cbdcac34c758d59e9c10a55c610b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaa68cbdcac34c758d59e9c10a55c610b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaa68cbdcac34c758d59e9c10a55c610b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaa68cbdcac34c758d59e9c10a55c610b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaa68cbdcac34c758d59e9c10a55c610b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaa68cbdcac34c758d59e9c10a55c610b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaa68cbdcac34c758d59e9c10a55c610b .uaa68cbdcac34c758d59e9c10a55c610b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaa68cbdcac34c758d59e9c10a55c610b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Physics Lab Report EssayWhen trying to understand this verse it is most helpful to look at it as a literal piece of work. One literal explanations rendered has been that the incense was offered on unauthorized coals (Milgrom 634). The coals were brought from an unholy place and incense was burnt on them inside the Tent of Meeting where only coals from the outer altar (Yitzhaki 16:12) were allowed to be used for incense burnings as stated in Lev. 16:12. Because they were not brought from the outer altar, they were called strange fire. As stated in 16:13: .that he die not if done properly; since Nadab and Abihu did not perform properly the acts, they were doomed to death. P. Heinisch, however, does not agree. He states the fact that it could not have been because they failed to bring fire from altar, because they had not been commanded yet (Laymor 49); Lev. 16:1 states: And the Lord spake unto Moses after the death of the two sons of Aaron The commandment to bring coals from the outer altar for incense burning is part of what God told Moses at this juncture. Another explanation of the sin committed by Nadab and Abihu is suggested. The argument is that Nadab and Abihu overzealous in their efforts to serve their roles as priests, took their censers, put coals from the outer altar -which had already received the divine fire- in them and proceeded to burn incense on the inner altar as a sacrifice, therefore prompting which he had not commanded them in v.1. from God. They were commanded to wait for a second fire to shoot from the Holy of Holies to burn the incense, but thinking that since the Divine Glory had once been revealed, they were permitted to take the coals, and use them for the ritual incense offering performed on the inner altar (Cohen 655). Because of the circumstances involved, even though in essence a good-hearted act, they were doomed to death (Hertz 445). Further proof of the non-malicious intent of the sons is to be understood from Moses following quote of God in Lev. 10:3: Through them that are nigh unto Me I will be sanctif ied Even though they were close to God spiritually, God had to be sanctified by meting out punishments as meant to be. Strict adherence to law is required (Brown 73), misunderstanding or not. Still another intrepretation of the sins of Nadab and Abihu, while looking at the surrounding text, is taking into consideration v.9. Jewish Rabbis state that Nadab and Abihu had dared to enter the Tabernacle drunk, and so had to die (Hertz 445). As previously noted v.9 contains an admonishment to the Priests not to enter the Tent of Meetingwhile drunk, or under the influence of alcohol. Observing this Rabbi Eliezer, a Torah commentator states: The proof is that their death (scripture) admonished the remaining that they should not enter intoxicated with wine into the sanctuary (Yitzhaki 10:2). But the merit of this argument is not very strong. The relationship between the strange fire by Nadab and Abihu, and intoxication is unclear. Furthermore, the statement I will be sanctified in them that come nigh to me attributed to God has no implications of any kind of sin involving the lude, but rather implies sin through the mistaken practice of a noble act. Some allegorical interpretaions of the Nadab and Abihu incident have been proposed also. One held by Rabbi Eliezer is that the sons of Aaron died only because they decided a law in the presence of their teacher Moses (qtd. in Yitzhaki 10:2). This argument is further supported in The Pentateuch and Haftorahs by suggesting that this disregard to Moses, or even Aarons authritative power, was a product of jealousy. They were enchanted with the ambition of being the head of the congregation, and hoped for the death of the old men (445). It was this that led them to commit the sin which ultimately brought on their own death, it is argued. But unfortunately this theory doesnt hold up too well either, as in 10:3 God through Moses blesses Nadab and Abihu by proclaiming they were near to him. Certainly jealous, and impious men would not receive that great of honor by God. Other suggestions are that the incense offered was improperly prepared as prescribed in Ex. 30:9, or that they were wearing their special robes in a way not acceptable, or even that the brothers entered the Holy of Holies, but there is not sufficient argumentative proof for any of them. The incense offering itself is not part of the sin, but the fire it was used to burn it with. If the mixture of incense was the problem, certainly the text would have read esh ketoret or strange incense but this is not the case. The argument that their clothing was worn wrong is not acceptable either, because it is just a guess: no where, even in the surrounding text is found a reference to priestly wardrobes to validify this argument. The argument that Nadab and Abihu entered the Holy of Holies is harder to disprove, but its likely that by before the Lord it is meant inside the Tent of Meeting, but directly outside the Holiest part, or before it. Since God is supposed to reside in there, scripture re gards the area as the body of God. According to the analytical approach to the Torah, as opposed to the traditional orthodox belief that it is dvinely inspired, four different schools of thought undertook the writing of the Hebrew Bible: Yahwist, Elohist, Priestly, and Deutronomist. The entire book of Leviticus is credited to the Priestly writer, or for short P. The time and place that P is believed to belong to is post-exilic Judah. After returning to the land of Israel after being given their freedom, the Priest class, which was by then also the teaching class, tried to instill in the Israelites a sense of religious responsibility, and with that the doctrine of as God is holy so must Israel be began to take form and precedent. Most of the writings credited to P infact have to do with minute detail of ritualistic acts of cleansing and keeping holy. Ps genuine need for an aetiology of the ritual practice of Judaism is what N. Gottwald wrote when explaining the motives th P writers h ad for such a document which is basically articulated around covenants made by God wth various biblical figures (448). The people P was trying to reach was exposed to paganist religions, and cults residing in the Babylonian empire, and even before the exile some of these cultic behaviors had penetrated Israel with the many Assyrian invasions and settlings in the land. Infact many of the rituals were incorporated into daily lives. Assyrian astral worship began to surface in Judaean culture around the end of the first Temple. How this relates to the story of Nadab and Abihu is the fact that astral worshipping involved the offerings of incense on rooftops of homes (Milgrom 628). Many biblical sources among them Jeremiah 19:3, and Zephaniah 1:5 testify to the existence of incense burning on rooftops of the Jewish people. P believing this ritual is thoroughly paganistic, and therfore unallowed, decided to do something to cure the epidemic. Observers have come up with the theory that the priest class knew they could not blot out this ritual by simply issuing edicts forbidding it, because the ritual was so widespread that the order would have been ignored, and the Priestly influence and power therefore undermined. The solution was to put it into law, with a polemic tale against pagan practices of incense burning with Nadab and Abihu serving as subjects who disobeyed the command of God, and were destroyed because of it (Milgrom 629). Infact, Nadab and Abihus offering of the strange fire resembles closely the Zoroastric custom of enthroning fire in the temple by having two priests carry the flame into the sanctuary on a censer (Milgrom 628). The lesson the Nadab and Abihu tale was supposed to teach was: Legitamate incense, legitimate people, but illegitimate coals! The only coals authorized for such a service were coals taken from the altar outside the Tent of Meetingas stated in Lev. 16:12. .u6d4a1bc72b81fe4629ec233f4b65a4cd , .u6d4a1bc72b81fe4629ec233f4b65a4cd .postImageUrl , .u6d4a1bc72b81fe4629ec233f4b65a4cd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6d4a1bc72b81fe4629ec233f4b65a4cd , .u6d4a1bc72b81fe4629ec233f4b65a4cd:hover , .u6d4a1bc72b81fe4629ec233f4b65a4cd:visited , .u6d4a1bc72b81fe4629ec233f4b65a4cd:active { border:0!important; } .u6d4a1bc72b81fe4629ec233f4b65a4cd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6d4a1bc72b81fe4629ec233f4b65a4cd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6d4a1bc72b81fe4629ec233f4b65a4cd:active , .u6d4a1bc72b81fe4629ec233f4b65a4cd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6d4a1bc72b81fe4629ec233f4b65a4cd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6d4a1bc72b81fe4629ec233f4b65a4cd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6d4a1bc72b81fe4629ec233f4b65a4cd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6d4a1bc72b81fe4629ec233f4b65a4cd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6d4a1bc72b81fe4629ec233f4b65a4cd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6d4a1bc72b81fe4629ec233f4b65a4cd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6d4a1bc72b81fe4629ec233f4b65a4cd .u6d4a1bc72b81fe4629ec233f4b65a4cd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6d4a1bc72b81fe4629ec233f4b65a4cd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Autism EssayEven though the Torah did have a final editor who put together the books as they are today, according to the anlytical thinking, it is believed that the Yahwist, and Elohist material were incorporated within the general outline that P provided (Gottwald 452). Therfore most of Ps views are preserved, and what we have today is probably what was intended to be read, if not how to be understood. Even though post-exilic Israel had a very tense political situation, the influenced that prompted the P writers to do this piece seems to be religious (Milgrom 628). The problem involved the fact that the Jews were a province in the Zoroastrianic Persian Empire which had co nsiderable influence with the people who considered them their savior. Therefore the story of Nadab and Abihu was needed to ingrain in the people a sense of nationalism, and religious unity needed for them to survive as a people, aas thought by P. This verse has had a profound effect on the religion of Judaism as practiced today. If not for this passage Jews around the world might be burning spices, just as they light candles on Friday evenings, as a religious, traditional ritual. But this verse along with the other one or two like it, step in and forbid the imitation of the act done daily on the holy altar of gold by the priests, when there was a suitable, and authorized place for the performing of it. This act ran too close to pagan rituals by the laymen too be allowed to be done by Jewish laymen. The closeness could have been intrepreted as a relationship, and that would have been the ultimate disaster: The Mono-theistic ritual done by the people individually to their one-god, being essentially the same as the pagan ritual to their many gods. At this point the exegesis comes full circle to the point: What was it that Nadab and Abihu did that was so wrong? What was the sin? It is worth repeating that the answer lay in the context, and the surrounding text. Nadab and Abihu along with their brothers and father were given a set of rules, and prescriptions of rituals by which to abide by on the last day of the octave-day celebrations (Ex. 9:6), one of which was to wait for devine fire to burn sacrifices, though not specifically mentioned in text. In Lev. 9:24 we learned that fire came out from before the Lord, and consumed the burnt offering Nadab and Abihu, having been assigned the task of handling the incense offering, saw the divine fire devour the burnt offering on the outer altar, and having witnessed their father take coals from that altar, remove them to the inner altar, and burn incense with them the past several days, proceeded to do the same. What they had failed to do was follow directions correctly and wait for a s econd divine fire to burn the incense offering. This misinterpretation of the law cost Nadab and Abihu their lives. The fire was called strange simple because it was not what was ordered to be done, as the last words of Lev. 10:1 attest: .Which he had not commanded them. The ritual was strangely performed and not the way it was supposed to have been. In light of their offense, and the fact that they were heir-apparents to the high-priesthood, their sin was not forgivealble, and therefore punishable by death. As S. R. Hirsch correctly pointed out when quoted by A. Cohen (445): the stricter the standard by which he is to be judgedthe greater the consequent guilt and punishment, if there is a falling away from that standard.

Word Choice Reluctant vs. Reticent

Word Choice Reluctant vs. Reticent Word Choice: Reluctant vs. Reticent â€Å"Reluctant† and â€Å"reticent† are both adjectives that mean â€Å"unwilling.† They also look similar written down, so it’s no wonder people use these terms interchangeably. But there is a difference between â€Å"reluctant† and â€Å"reticent,† so check out our guide to make sure you can use them correctly. Reluctant (Unwilling or Slow to Do Something) To be â€Å"reluctant† is to be unwilling or hesitant to do something. For example: I was reluctant to leave before the fireworks. You can use this term in any situation where someone is resistant to something, so it has a wide range of possible uses. This flexibility is reflected in the origins of this term, which comes from a Latin word meaning â€Å"struggle.† As such, if we are struggling to bring ourselves to do anything, we can say we feel â€Å"reluctant† about it. Reticent (Unwilling to Speak) While â€Å"reticent† also implies being unwilling or hesitant about something, it applies specifically to speaking or revealing our thoughts and feelings: Tom was reticent about why he left the party. Here, we’re not saying that Tom was â€Å"reluctant† to leave a party. We’re saying he was unwilling to tell us why he left the party. We can also use â€Å"reticent† to describe someone’s character in general: Hannah has been reticent for as long as I’ve known her. Even in this case, though, the word â€Å"reticent† suggests that Hannah is quiet and reserved in particular. It does not mean she is â€Å"unwilling† in other ways. And we would not use reluctant to describe a personal trait like this. Again, looking at the origins of this word can help us understand how it is used in modern English: â€Å"reticent† comes from reticere, which means â€Å"silent† in Latin. Thus, if we are â€Å"reticent,† we are being quiet about something. Reluctant or Reticent? Although some now use â€Å"reticent† to mean â€Å"unwilling† in any context, it would be a mistake to do this in formal writing. So to avoid errors, remember that â€Å"reticent† has a more specific meaning than â€Å"reluctant†: To be reluctant is to be unwilling to do something. To be reticent is to be unwilling to speak or reveal your thoughts. If you can remember this distinction, you should be able to use these terms correctly. But if you want to be extra sure that your writing is error free, you can also submit a document to our outstanding proofreading service.

How the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn Were Named

How the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn Were Named The Tropic of Cancer was named because at the time of its naming, the sun was positioned in the Cancer constellation during the  June solstice. Likewise, the Tropic of Capricorn was named because the sun was in the constellation Capricorn during the  December solstice. The naming took place about 2000 years ago, and the sun is no longer in those constellations at that time of year.  At the June solstice, the  Sun  is in Taurus, and at the December solstice, the sun is in Sagittarius. Why the Tropics Are Important Geographic features like the equator are reasonably straightforward, but the Tropics can be confusing. The Tropics were marked off because they are both places within the hemisphere where it is possible to have the sun directly overhead. This was an important distinction for ancient travelers who used the heavens to guide their way. In an age  when our smartphones know  where we are at all times, its hard to imagine how hard getting around used to be. For much of human history, the position of the sun and stars was often all explorers and traders had to navigate by.   Where the Tropics Are The Tropic of Capricorn can be found at latitude 23.5 degrees south. The Tropic of Cancer is at 23.5 degrees north. The equator is the circle where the sun can be found directly overhead at noon.   What the Major Circles of Latitude Are Circles of latitude are an abstract east and west circle that connects all places on Earth. Latitude and longitude are used as addresses for every part of the globe. On maps  latitude  lines are horizontal, and longitude lines are vertical. There is an infinite  number of latitude circles on earth. Arcs of latitude are sometimes used to define the boundary between countries that lack distinctive geographic borders like mountain ranges or deserts. There are five major circles of latitude. Arctic CircleTropic of CancerEquatorTropic of CapricornAntarctic Circle Living in the Torrid Zone The circles of latitude also serve to mark the boundaries between the geographical zones. The zone between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic  of Cancer is known as the Torrid Zone.  In the United States, this area is more commonly known as the tropics. This area comprises almost forty  percent of the globe. It is projected that by the year 2030, half of the global population will live in this area. When one considers the climate of the tropics its easy to see why so many people want to live there.   The tropics are known for their lush green vegetation  and moist climate. Average  temperatures range from warm to hot year round. Many places in the tropics experience rainy seasons which range from one to several months of consistent rainfall. Incidents of malaria tend to rise during rainy seasons. Some areas in the tropics such as the Sahara desert or Australian outback are defined as dry rather than tropical.

Nitrogen Oxide as an Environmental Pollution Essay

Nitrogen Oxide as an Environmental Pollution - Essay Example with the first section covers the common nitrogen oxides, followed by the sources and potential sinks in the environment, then the chemical behaviour of these oxides, the impacts on human and ecosystem, and finally the prevention and control of these pollutants. Nitrogen oxides mainly consist of nitrogen and oxygen, and the most common nitrogen oxides are nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (Farmer 2013, p.26; Harrison 2001, p.179). Notably, nitrous oxide and nitrogen dioxide are emitted when nitrogen reacts with oxygen in the air during combustion at high temperatures and this shows that the amount of nitrogen oxides produced depends on temperature of combustion. Another nitrogen oxide is nitrous oxide (N2O) which is a greenhouse gas that has a greater impact on climate change. Nitric oxide is a colourless gas with a sharp and sweet smell, but nitrogen dioxide is a colourless gas with a strong, harsh odour. Of the nitrogen oxides emitted, nitric oxides forms the larger part, followed by nitrous oxide then nitrogen dioxide which is produced in low amounts, and also it is important to note that both nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxides does not have prolonged lifespan in the atmosphere as compared to nitrous oxide. Nitrogen oxides are produced naturally but they are as well produced by various human activities including agricultural activities, transportation and industrial processes and many others. In nature, nitrogen oxides are produced because of bacterial processes, biological growth and decay, forest fires (Lippmann 2009, p.823), volcano, and lightening among others (Hill 2010, p.128). Thunderstorms lead to the production of nitric oxide as a result of high heat of lightening released in the process of breaking down nitrogen molecules. On the other hand, burning of fossil fuels is considered the primary source of nitrogen oxides as part of human activities. Transportation fuels when burned produce nitrous oxide and mostly, motor vehicles and trucks

On The Semiosphere by Juri Lotman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

On The Semiosphere by Juri Lotman - Essay Example Here, Lotman has successfully put forth an example which could make his complex arguments very clear to even a lay person, through the use of analogy. The allegory is easy to understand for the reader. The overall conclusion that this essay arrives at is that, â€Å"the levels of the semiosphere comprise an inter-connected group of semiospheres, each of them being simultaneously both participant in the dialogue (as part of the semiosphere) and the space of dialogue (the semiosphere as a whole)† (Lotman, 205). Lotman has started his essay by referring to the two major schools of thought in semiotics, one the Saussurian school which focuses on the ‘act of communication’ and the Piercean school which stresses on the ‘sign’, the basic, coded, element of communication (205). Then he moves ahead to point out that both these schools have some thing in common, which is the stress that they give either to a single communication act or a single sign, ie; a sing le, atomic element (Lotman, 206). By describing this background, Lotman starts a logical reasoning process by giving chronological data and putting it as a block in the very beginning of the essay.   He has argued that, in this way, â€Å"the individual act of sign exchange has come to be regarded as a model of natural language [†¦] -as universal semiotic models† (Lotman, 206).In the next step of his rhetoric, Lotman has contested this conventional thought. He has opined that, this kind of reasoning is part of the traditional and flawed scientific thinking., where one is tempted always to move â€Å"from the simple to the complex’, and whereby one gets trapped into attributing a character to the object of study, just because it provided some convenience to make an analysis (Lotman, 206). In this way, Lotman has been applying the method of logos which says that the study of communication, or

A poem which depicts a violent incident Essay Example for Free

A poem which depicts a violent incident Essay TASK: Choose a poem in which there is a dramatic or violent incident. Show how the poet conveys the incident using various poetic techniques. ‘Glasgow 5 March 1971’ by Scottish poet Edwin Morgan effectively conveys a violent incident which occurs on a busy street in Glasgow. The incident captured in this instamatic poem involves a violent attack on a young couple who are pushed through a shop window by thieving youths. The incident is shown vividly through various techniques such as imagery, word choice and structure. Through this poem, Morgan effectively criticises society and our reluctance to help others in need. One of the ways in which Morgan helps us understand the incident is through the use of imagery. The poem begins with a striking metaphor to describe the â€Å"ragged diamond of shattered plate-glass†. The broken glass is being compared to a diamond to help us picture the sharp, glinting edges of the window. This immediately shows how violent the incident is. He goes on to describe the man’s face as â€Å"bristling with fragments of glass†. This metaphor compared the numerous shards of glass on his face to a beard. This again highlights the pain and damage caused to the innocent â€Å"young man†. The serious nature of the injuries is also conveyed by the words â€Å"spurts of arterial blood† which creates the image of blood gushing out of the girl. Her â€Å"wet-look white coat† emphasises the amount of blood and the contrast of red blood on white which creates a strong visual image. The poem then moves on to describe the attackers using effective word choice to convey the lack of compassion shown to the victims. The incident is described as the â€Å"operation† which suggests that this is a purely business-like transaction for these people. There is no emotion. The word â€Å"loot† suggests that the youths’ only care is to grab as many valuables as possible and do it â€Å"smartly†. This highlights the impersonal, business-like manner again, showing a lack of humanity. Again this is done with â€Å"no expression† which shows no concern or care for the couple whose faces show â€Å"surprise† and â€Å"shock†. The word choice used here effectively shows the selfishness of the youths whose only care is to steal with no concern for who gets hurt in this violent incident. . Morgan achieves this by using the present tense, â€Å"a young man and his girl are falling†, â€Å"their arms are starfished†. This creates the effect of seeing the event as a picture rather than an ongoing event. The writer emphasises this with the words â€Å"sharp clear night† which relates to a camera image again. This helps the reader stand back and look at the event objectively without be involved. Morgan is trying to make the point that this is what we do in society when we see violence occurring – stand back and not get involved. This theme of society’s reluctance to help others is shown through the deliberate reference â€Å"in Sauchiehall Street†. This makes it clear that this violent incident took place on a busy street in Glasgow where lots of people would be. He goes on to refer to drivers â€Å"in the background† which again highlights the fact that people do not come forward to help the victims; they â€Å"keep their eyes on the road†. This final line effectively conveys Morgan’s attitude that people turn a blind eye to violence, most likely from fear or lack of compassion. Through presenting this ‘snapshot’ of the incident in â€Å"sharp clear† detail, it makes the reader think about what we would have done in this situation and why people failed to act. In conclusion this poem effectively conveys a violent incident on a busy Glasgow street. Edwin Morgan successfully highlights the lack of concern in our society for others. He achieved this through his instamatic technique, vivid imagery and effective word choice. These techniques helped me visualise the incident well and understand the writer’s message. The poem really made me think about how we treat one another in society as this incident is set in Glasgow in a busy street. It made me wonder if this would actually happen and if people would help or turn a blind eye.

Free Essays on A Dolls House: Money Matters :: Dolls House essays

A Doll's House Essay: Money Matters Henrik Ibsen was born in 1828 to a wealthy family, however, when he was just eight years old his family went bankrupt, and they lost their status in society. Ibsen knew how the issue of money could destroy a person’s reputation in no time at all. Perhaps that is how he makes the characters in his play, A Doll's House , so believable. Nora and Mrs. Linde, the two main female characters in the play, have had the issues of money and forgery ruin their lives. Nora forged her dead father’s signature to get a loan. The play revolves around her struggle with her fear of being found out. Both women’s values change as the story moves along. At first, it appears that Nora values money and the status that it brings. Mrs. Linde values her own happiness, and eventually Nora realizes that the only way she will be able to live with what she has done is to do the same. From the start of the play, we see that Nora’s entire focus is on money. â€Å"Won’t it be lovely to have stacks of money and not a care in the world† (703), Nora asks Mrs. Linde. Almost every conversation she has in the play is related to money in some way or another. When Torvald, her husband, asks her what she wants for Christmas, she tells him, â€Å"You could give me money, Torvald. . . . Then I could hang the bills in pretty glit paper on the Christmas tree. Wouldn’t that be fun† (699)? Her carefree way of handling money exasperates her husband. He wants to make her happy, but he isn’t able to give her what he doesn’t have. He doesn’t know about the loan, at first, and, to him and the audience, it appears that she is just throwing her money away hopelessly. Mrs. Linde, on the other hand, knows what it is like to not have money to spare. She values money, but for an entire different purpose. The looks at it for what it is worth, and how it can help her survive. Her entire life she has had to work hard for anything that she wanted or needed. â€Å"Well, anyway,† she responded to Nora’s remark on having stacks of money, â€Å"it would be lovely enough to have enough for necessities† (703). To survive, she â€Å"had to scrape up living with a little shop and a little teaching and whatever else [she] could find† (704). Free Essays on A Doll's House: Money Matters :: Dolls House essays A Doll's House Essay: Money Matters Henrik Ibsen was born in 1828 to a wealthy family, however, when he was just eight years old his family went bankrupt, and they lost their status in society. Ibsen knew how the issue of money could destroy a person’s reputation in no time at all. Perhaps that is how he makes the characters in his play, A Doll's House , so believable. Nora and Mrs. Linde, the two main female characters in the play, have had the issues of money and forgery ruin their lives. Nora forged her dead father’s signature to get a loan. The play revolves around her struggle with her fear of being found out. Both women’s values change as the story moves along. At first, it appears that Nora values money and the status that it brings. Mrs. Linde values her own happiness, and eventually Nora realizes that the only way she will be able to live with what she has done is to do the same. From the start of the play, we see that Nora’s entire focus is on money. â€Å"Won’t it be lovely to have stacks of money and not a care in the world† (703), Nora asks Mrs. Linde. Almost every conversation she has in the play is related to money in some way or another. When Torvald, her husband, asks her what she wants for Christmas, she tells him, â€Å"You could give me money, Torvald. . . . Then I could hang the bills in pretty glit paper on the Christmas tree. Wouldn’t that be fun† (699)? Her carefree way of handling money exasperates her husband. He wants to make her happy, but he isn’t able to give her what he doesn’t have. He doesn’t know about the loan, at first, and, to him and the audience, it appears that she is just throwing her money away hopelessly. Mrs. Linde, on the other hand, knows what it is like to not have money to spare. She values money, but for an entire different purpose. The looks at it for what it is worth, and how it can help her survive. Her entire life she has had to work hard for anything that she wanted or needed. â€Å"Well, anyway,† she responded to Nora’s remark on having stacks of money, â€Å"it would be lovely enough to have enough for necessities† (703). To survive, she â€Å"had to scrape up living with a little shop and a little teaching and whatever else [she] could find† (704).

External Environment

Chapter 4 The External Environment The Environmental Domain Organization Environment is composed of all elements that exist outside the boundary of the organization that have the potential to affect all or part of the organization. Its domain is the chosen field of action. The environment comprises several sectors or subdivisions of the environment that contain similar elements (ie. industry, raw materials, human resources, market, technology, financial resources, economic conditions, government, sociocultural, and international. Task Environment – includes sectors with which the organization interacts directly and that have a direct impact on the organization’s ability to achieve its goals. oIndustry, raw materials, market sector and hr and international sectors †¢General Environment – includes sectors that might not have a direct impact on the daily operation of a firm but will directly influence it. oGovernment, sociocultural, economic conditions, technol ogy, and financial resources sectors †¢International Context oDomestic sectors can be affected by international events Environmental UncertaintyResponding to the need for information. 2 Ways the environment influences organizations: (1) the need for information about the environment and (2) the need for resources from the environment. Uncertainty applies to sectors that the organization deals with on a regular basis, the task environment, and this must be analyzed along dimensions of stability and degree of uncertainty. †¢Simple Complex Dimension concerns environmental complexity, the heterogeneity, or the number and dissimilarity of external elements relevant to an organization’s operations. ^ in external factors and ^ in # of organizations in that domain = ^ complexity †¢Stable-Unstable Dimension refers to whether elements in the environment are dynamic oIf an environmental element remains the same over a period of months/ years = ^ stability FRAMEWORK FOR AS SESSING ENVIRONMENTAL UNCERTAINTY Environmental Complexity SimpleComplex Environmental ChangeStableLow Uncertainty Low number of external factors Low change Low-Moderate Uncertainty High number of external factors Low change UnstableHigh-Moderate Uncertainty Low number of external factors High changeHigh UncertaintyHigh number of external factors High change Adapting to Environmental Uncertainty Positions and Departments †¢An ^ in complexity and uncertainty in the external environment = ^ in # of positions and departments in the firm, which in turn ^ internal complexity Buffering and Boundary Spanning †¢The purpose of buffering roles is to absorb uncertainty from the environment. Buffer departments (hr, purchasing, finance, legal) surround the technical core (primary org. function) and exchange resources and information between the organization and the external environment. Some firms rid the organization of buffers and expose the technical core to the uncertain environmen t opening up the organization and making it more fluid and adaptable. †¢Boundary-spanning roles link and coordinate an organization with key elements in the external environment. Primarily concerned with exchange of information to: oDetect and bring in to the organization information about changes in the environment, and oSend information into the environment that presents the organization in a favourable light. †¢Business intelligence and competitive intelligence is necessary to analyze large amounts of data and find patterns.Differentiation and Integration †¢Organizational differentiation is â€Å"the differences in cognitive and emotional orientations among managers in different functional departments, and the difference in formal structure among these departments. † †¢When the external environment is complex and unstable, organizational departments become highly specialized to handle the uncertainty in the external sector. †¢High differentiation = difficult to coordinate between departments, so integrators become essential additions. †¢Uncertain environments = high level of differentiation and integration Organic vs. Mechanistic Management Processes Mechanistic Organizational System: ^ stability = ^ Formal structure and control imposed on employees †¢Organic Organizational System: v stability = v Formal structure and control imposed on employees oRules were loosened, free-flowing, adaptive, and decentralized MechanisticOrganic 1. Tasks are broken down in specialized, separate parts 2. Tasks are rigidly defined 3. Strict hierarchy of authority, control, and rules 4. Highly centralized at top of organization 5. Communication is vertical1. Employees contribute to common tasks of the dept. 2. Tasks are redefined through employee teamwork 3. Less hierarchy of authority, control, and rules . Decentralized 5. Communication is horizontal Planning, Forecasting, and Responsiveness †¢Planning and environmental forecastin g becomes necessary in uncertain environments contributing to the organization’s ability to quickly respond to sudden changes in the environment. Contingency Framework for Organizational Responses to Uncertainty CONTINGENCY FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL UNCERTAINTY & ORGANIZATIONAL RESPONSES Environmental Complexity SimpleComplex Environmental ChangeStableLow Uncertainty Few departments No boundary spanning Non integrating roles Current operations orientation, low-speed responseMechanistic structure: formal, centralizedLow-Moderate Uncertainty Many departments Some boundary spanning Few integrating roles Some planning, moderate-speed response Mechanistic structure: formal, centralized UnstableHigh-Moderate Uncertainty Few departments Much boundary spanning Few integrating roles Planning orientation, high-speed response Organic structure: teamwork, participative, decentralizedHigh Uncertainty Many departments Extensive boundary spanning Many integrating roles Extensive planning orientation, high-speed response Organic structure: teamwork, participative, decentralizedResource Dependence Resource Dependence means that organizations depend on the environment but strive to acquire control over resources to minimize their dependence; vulnerability comes from dependence and negative effects on performance can follow with too much dependence on other organizations. †¢Interorganizational relationships present a trade-off between resources and autonomy Controlling Environmental Resources Responding to the need for resources. Two strategies are adopted to manage resources in the external environment: 1. Establish favourable linkages with key elements in the environment 2.Shape the environmental domain Establishing Interorganizational Linkages †¢Ownership – companies/ use ownership to establish linkages when they buy a part of or a controlling interest in another company giving the company access to technology, products, or other resources it doesnâ €™t currently have access to (ie. acquisitions and mergers) †¢Formal Strategic Alliances – when there is a high level of complementarity between the business lines, geographical positions, or skills of two companies, the firms often form a strategic alliance (ie. contracts, joint ventures) †¢Cooptation, Interlocking Directorates Cooptation occurs when leaders from important sectors in the environment are made part of an organization (ie. board of directors) oInterlocking Directorates is a formal linkage that occurs when a member of the board of directors of one company sits on the board of directors of another company. †¢Executive Recruitment – transferring or exchanging executives to establish favourable linkages †¢Advertising and Public Relations Changing or Controlling the Environmental Domain †¢Change of Domain – organizations can change the domains it is in, in each of the 10 domains specified (ie. t can choose which market its in, what relationships to hold, suppliers, and locations, etc. ) †¢Political Activity, Regulation – political strategy can be used to erect regulatory barriers against new competitors or to squash unfavourable legislations †¢Trade Associations – when work to influence the external environment is accomplished jointly with other organizations that have similar interests †¢Illegitimate Activities – when excessive downward pressure leads managers to adopt unfavourable techniques to reach an ends. Organization-Environment Integrative Framework

Company Overview of Domestic Direct Competitors of Sime Darby

COMPANY OVERVIEW OF DOMESTIC DIRECT COMPETITORS OF SIME DARBY (GENTING BERHAD) Genting Berhad (Genting), a holding company for the Genting Group, operates resorts, casino and plantations. It also develops properties, manufactures paper and generates electricity. The company primarily operates in Malaysia. It is headquartered in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and employs 36,000people. The company recorded revenues of MYR6,943. 8 million (approximately $1,968. 3 million) during the fiscal year ended December 2006, an increase of 27. 3% over 2005. The operating profit of the company was MYR3,124. million (approximately $885. 7 million) during fiscal year 2006, an increase of 22. 7% over 2005. The net profit was MYR2,242. 5 million in fiscal year 2006, an increase of 23. 8%over 2005. SWOT ANALYSIS Genting is the management and investment holding company of Genting Group. Through its subsidiaries, the company provides leisure and hospitality, cruise and entertainment businesses. Genting also oper ates plantations, develops and manages property, power generation, manufactures and trades paper, explores oil and gas and provides tours and travel related services.The continued success of its leisure and hospitality business, driven by a strong performance from Genting Highlands Resort and its gaming business, has improved overall revenue and profit growth for the company. However, regional competition from new leisure attractions such as Disneyland and Macau's strong position in the gaming business could weaken the company's leisure and hospitality business. Strengths †¢Diverse business portfolio †¢Strong leisure and hospitality division †¢Strong performance of oil and gasWeaknesses Weak performance of property and manufacturing divisions †¢Weak returns Opportunities †¢Growing wealth of Asian population †¢Government initiatives to promote Malaysia †¢Strong outlook for China’s energy sector †¢Rising demand for biodieselThreats †¢Intense competition †¢Natural disasters and epidemics †¢Weakening demand for residential housing STRENGTHS †¢Diverse business portfolio Genting has a diversified business portfolio, which includes the management of casinos and resorts, plantations, property development, paper manufacturing and power generation.Aided by strong growth in most of its business divisions in fiscal year 2006, Genting managed to record an increase of 27. 3% in its revenues over fiscal year 2005. The revenues from leisure and hospitality division increased 20. 9%; power 89. 1%; plantation 10%;and oil and gas 19. 8%. The company is not overly dependent on any one product or business division. Its diversified business portfolio protects it from downturns in any particular division and reduces business risk. †¢Strong leisure and hospitality division The company's leisure and hospitality division has continuously contributed the highest revenues for Genting.The leisure and hospitality divis ion operates the company's hotel, gaming and entertainment businesses. In fiscal year 2006, the division recorded revenues of MYR4,286. 9 million(approximately $1,215. 2 million), contributing 61. 7% to the company's revenues. This increase is mainly due to the higher volume of business from Genting Highlands Resort. For the period 2002-2006, the leisure and hospitality division grew at a CAGR of 12%. The division's strong performance is attributed to the overall success of the company's theme resorts which are becoming Malaysia’s leading tourist destinations.The company's gaming business, which operates its casinos both locally and internationally, has also posted strong results in recent years. Strong performance from the leisure and hospitality division has improved overall revenue and profit growth for Genting. †¢Strong performance of oil and gas Revenues for the oil and gas division of Genting have consistently improved in recent years. Although the division contrib uted just 2% to Genting’s revenues in fiscal year 2006, it recorded revenues of MYR141. 3 million (approximately $40. 1 million), a 19. % increase over the previous year. From 2002-2006, the oil and gas division grew at a CAGR of 29%. The phenomenal success of the division is attributed to significantly higher oil prices and increased production. Genting expects an even stronger growth for the oil and gas division in the future from increased oil production in Muturi (Indonesia) and China. WEAKNESS †¢Weak performance of property and manufacturing divisions Despite an increase of 7. 7% in fiscal year 2006, the property division's revenues have been volatile over the recent years.For the period 2003-2006, the division's CAGR was -6%, the lowest among all the company's business divisions. Despite a 6% increase in revenues, the manufacturing division's profit before tax declined 44% in fiscal 2006 over the previous year. Weak performance of these divisions would affect the o verall growth of the company. †¢Weak returns Genting has recorded weak returns in the last few years. Its return on investments and return on equity for trailing twelve months (TTM) December 2006 were 10. 2% and 13. 5%, respectively, lower than the industry averages of 10. % and 16. 8% for the same period. Weak returns reflect the inability of the management to deploy assets in profitable avenues, and this could result in decreasing investor confidence. OPPORTUNITIES †¢Growing wealth of Asian population Strong economic growth is expected to improve the spending habits of leisure travellers in the Asian region. A number of Asian countries are expected to record a significant CAGR in GDP per capita in the next five years, including: China (10. 1%), India (8. 1%), Thailand (7%), Singapore and Malaysia(6. 6%).Consequently, disposable income in these countries is expected to grow in the next five years. India’s disposable income records the highest CAGR of 11. 1%, Thaila nd, 8. 4%, China, 8. 1%,Malaysia, 5. 5% and Singapore, 5. 3%. Genting's foreign visitors mostly come from these countries. As such, the company stands to profit from the improving economic conditions of these markets. Rising income levels will increase demand for leisure and hospitality services. †¢Government initiatives to promote Malaysia The importance of tourism to the Malaysian economy has grown considerably in recent years.The joint efforts of Malaysia’s Tourism Ministry and Malaysia Tourism Promotion Board (MTPB) to stimulate tourism activities are expected to result in higher tourist arrivals in Malaysia. The MTPB hosts trade, tourism and consumer fairs around the world to promote the country’s culture and tourist attractions. In fiscal year 2005, there were a total of about 15. 8 million international arrivals in Malaysia. Annual targets announced under the Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006-2010) include an increase in international arrivals from 17. 3 million in 2006 to 20 million by 2010.In addition, the Malaysian government recently announced a five-day work week for civil servants, which translate to a greater number of holidays available for Malaysians. Also, the presence of low-fare air travel will boost the leisure and tourism industry in Malaysia. This positive outlook of Malaysian tourism presents the company with growth opportunities. †¢Strong outlook for China’s energy sector Demand for worldwide energy is expected to report strong growth until 2025. Energy demand from China is expected to grow by an average of 3. 2% annually until 2025, to reach a volume of 14. 2million barrels per day (bbl/d).Genting has consistently expanded its oil and gas assets including the acquisition of four power plants in China. China is the world's second largest consumer of petroleum products and the company stands to benefit from the growth in China’s energy sector. †¢Rising demand for biodiesel The European Union has a targe t of replacing 5. 75% of diesel with renewable sources by 2010. In view of this growing European demand for bio fuels, the Malaysian government is encouraging the use of palm oil to the production of biodiesel. The country is also preparing to change from diesel to bio-fuels in the near future.It has stipulated that from 2007, all diesel sold in Malaysia must contain5% palm oil. The plantation division of Genting is involved mainly in oil palm plantations, palm oil milling and related activities. It could therefore take advantage of the new opportunity to improve its revenue growth. THREATS †¢Intense competition Genting's leisure and hospitality division is expected to face stiff competition from new leisure attractions in Asia. Disneyland Hong Kong, which opened in September 2005, has emerged as a key competitor The Disneyland attracted approximately 5. million visitors in its first year of operation and is expected to increase to about 10 million annually. Genting is also fac ing competition from casinos in Macau. Macau has at least fourteen casinos, of which the biggest is the Casino Lisboa. Four casino resorts are scheduled to be launched in the next few years in Macau. Disneyland Hong Kong and casinos in Macau could draw tourists away from Genting's leisure and hospitality locations, which would reduce revenue growth. †¢Natural disasters and epidemics The leisure and hospitality is vulnerable to natural disasters and epidemics.In 2003, the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) adversely affected the Star Cruises operation. Star Cruises was also badly affected by the tsunami in 2004. In 2005-2006, outbreak of bird flu affected the leisure and travel industry including cruises. Natural disasters and outbreak of epidemics such as SARS and bird flu in the future could reduce tourist traffic to resorts, casinos and cruise ships of Genting, which would pull revenue growth down. †¢Weakening demand for residential housing Demand for r esidential properties in Malaysia is weakening.Demand for housing in 2006 was lower than 2005. Moreover, the Malaysian GDP growth for 2007 is expected to be 5. 0% down from 5. 8%in 2006 which could have a corresponding effect on Malaysian housing. The company has a significant presence in residential housing. It has recently launched two residential properties: Asiatic Cheng Perdana and Asiatic Indahpura. Excess supply in the Malaysian residential property market and the consequent fall in property prices would negatively impact the performance of Genting's property division.

Prophetic Portrait Essay

Prophetic Portrait Essay Prophetic Portrait Essay Derrick Greenfield Professor Tyrus College Reading and Writing 18 October 2013 Prophetic Portrait I see an open field full of lost souls looking and searching for a safety zone, not knowing what the world has for them next. They are asking questions and looking for answers, yet no answers have come. They do not know who to look for when they are in a time of need. Who will save them and be their rescuer? God says in Matthew 28:19, â€Å"Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.† God calls all of his children to do his work, but only calls a few to the missions field. With his calling comes a great responsibility. Missions is what my heart yearns and cares for deeply about. It is my mind set to follow the calling of God on my life to the missions field. In four to five years I see myself following my calling into the mission field and seeking the lost. Being in the mission’s field, I never really thought about the risks involved in doing God’s work. He neve r wants us to worry about the consequences, but to focus on giving everything we have to him while doing his work. God always guides and places me where he wants me to be. I have imagined God placing me in South America, reaching out in Peru or El Salvador. I will never know what he has planned for me there until I go, but I know that if it is his will then he will move through me to spread his word to as many people as possible. Those people, who are lost without knowing who God is, deserve to be told about his love and his greatness. God says in Luke 9:23 "If anyone would come after me, he must deny himself and take up his cross daily and follow me." God has given me the opportunity to tell the lost

French and Indian War - Campaigns of 1756-1757

French and Indian War - Campaigns of 1756-1757 Previous: French Indian War - Causes | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: 1758-1759: The Tide Turns Changes in Command In the wake of Major General Edward Braddocks death at the Battle of Monongahela in July 1755, command of British forces in North America passed to Governor William Shirley of Massachusetts. Unable to come to an accord with his commanders, he was replaced in January 1756, when the Duke of Newcastle, heading the British government, appointed Lord Loudoun to the post with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command. Changes were also afoot to the north where Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, Marquis de Saint-Veran arrived in May with a small contingent of reinforcements and orders to assume overall command of French forces. This appointment angered the Marquis de Vaudreuil, governor of New France (Canada), as he had designs on the post. In the winter of 1756, prior to Montcalms arrival, Vaudreuil ordered a series of successful raids against the British supply lines leading to Fort Oswego. These destroyed large quantities of supplies and hampered British plans for campaigning on Lake Ontario later that year. Arriving in Albany, NY in July, Abercrombie proved a highly cautious commander and refused to take action without Loudouns approval. This was countered by Montcalm who proved highly aggressive. Moving to Fort Carillon on Lake Champlain he feinted an advance south before shifting west to conduct an attack on Fort Oswego. Moving against the fort in mid-August, he compelled its surrender and effectively eliminated the British presence on Lake Ontario. Shifting Alliances While fighting raged in the colonies, Newcastle sought to avoid a general conflict in Europe. Due to changing national interests on the Continent, the systems of alliances that had been in place for decades began to decay as each country sought to safeguard their interests. While Newcastle wished fight a decisive colonial war against the French, he was hampered by the need to protect the Electorate of Hanover which had ties to the British royal family. In seeking a new ally to guarantee the safety of Hanover, he found a willing partner in Prussia. A former British adversary, Prussia wished to retain the lands (namely Silesia) it had gained during the War of the Austrian Succession. Concerned about the possibility of a large alliance against his nation, King Frederick II (the Great) began making overtures to London in May 1755. Subsequent negotiations led to the Convention of Westminster which was signed on January 15, 1756. Defensive in nature, this agreement called for Prussia to pr otect Hanover from the French in exchange for the British withholding aid from Austria in any conflict over Silesia. A long-time ally of Britain, Austria was angered by the Convention and stepped up talks with France. Though reluctant to join with Austria, Louis XV agreed to a defensive alliance in the wake of increasing hostilities with Britain. Signed on May 1, 1756, the Treaty of Versailles saw the two nations agree to provide aid and troops should one be attacked by a third party. In addition, Austria agreed not to aid Britain in any colonial conflicts. Operating on the fringe of these talks was Russia which was eager to contain Prussian expansionism while also improving their position in Poland. While not a signatory of the treaty, Empress Elizabeths government was sympathetic to the French and Austrians. War is Declared While Newcastle worked to limit the conflict, the French moved to expand it. Forming a large force at Toulon, the French fleet began an attack on British-held Minorca in April 1756. In an effort to relieve the garrison, the Royal Navy dispatched a force to the area under the command of Admiral John Byng. Beset by delays and with ships in ill-repair, Byng reached Minorca and clashed with a French fleet of equal size on May 20. Though the action was inconclusive, Byngs ships took substantial damage and in a resulting council of war his officers agreed that the fleet should return to Gibraltar. Under increasing pressure, the British garrison on Minorca surrendered on May 28. In a tragic turn of events, Byng was charged with not doing his utmost to relieve the island and after a court-martial was executed. In response to the attack on Minorca, Britain officially declared war on May 17, nearly two years after the first shots in North America. Frederick Moves As war between Britain and France was formalized, Frederick became increasingly concerned about France, Austria, and Russian moving against Prussia. Alerted that Austria and Russia were mobilizing, he did likewise. In a preemptive move, Fredericks highly disciplined forces began an invasion of Saxony on August 29 which was aligned with his enemies. Catching the Saxons by surprise, he cornered their small army at Pirna. Moving to aid the Saxons, an Austrian army under Marshal Maximilian von Browne marched towards the border. Advancing to meet the enemy, Frederick attacked Browne at the Battle of Lobositz on October 1. In heavy fighting, the Prussians were able to compel the Austrians to retreat (Map). Though the Austrians continued attempts to relieve the Saxons they were in vain and the forces at Pirna surrendered two weeks later. Though Frederick had intended the invasion of Saxony to serve as a warning to his adversaries, it only worked to further unite them. The military events of 1756 effectively eliminated the hope that a large-scale war could be avoided. Accepting this inevitability, both sides began re-working their defensive alliances into ones that were more offensive in nature. Though already allied in spirit, Russia officially joined with France and Austria on January 11, 1757, when it became the third signatory of the Treaty of Versailles. Previous: French Indian War - Causes | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: 1758-1759: The Tide Turns Previous: French Indian War - Causes | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: 1758-1759: The Tide Turns British Setbacks in North America Largely inactive in 1756, Lord Loudoun remained inert through the opening months of 1757. In April he received orders to mount an expedition against the French fortress city of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island. An important base for the French navy, the city also guarded the approaches to the Saint Lawrence River and the heartland of New France. Stripping troops from the New York frontier, he was able to assemble a strike force at Halifax by early July. While waiting for a Royal Navy squadron, Loudoun received intelligence that the French had massed 22 ships of the line and around 7,000 men at Louisbourg. Feeling that he lacked the numbers to defeat such a force, Loudoun abandoned the expedition and began returning his men to New York. While Loudoun was shifting men up and down the coast, the industrious Montcalm had moved to the offensive. Gathering around 8,000 regulars, militia, and Native American warriors, he pushed south across Lake George with the goal of taking Fort William Henry. Held by Lieutenant Colonel Henry Munro and 2,200 men, the fort possessed 17 guns. By August 3, Montcalm had surrounded the fort and laid siege. Though Munro requested aid from Fort Edward to the south it was not forthcoming as the commander there believed the French had around 12,000 men. Under heavy pressure, Munro was forced to surrender on August 9. Though Munros garrison was paroled and guaranteed safe conduct to Fort Edward, they were attacked by Montcalms Native Americans as they departed with over 100 men, women, and children killed. The defeat eliminated the British presence on Lake George. Defeat in Hanover With Fredericks incursion into Saxony the Treaty of Versailles was activated and the French began making preparations to strike Hanover and western Prussia. Informing the British of French intentions, Frederick estimated that the enemy would attack with around 50,000 men. Facing recruitment issues and war aims that called for a colonies-first approach, London did not wish to deploy large numbers of men to the Continent. As a result, Frederick suggested that the Hanoverian and Hessian forces that had been summoned to Britain earlier in the conflict be returned and augmented by Prussian and other German troops. This plan for an Army of Observation was agreed to and effectively saw the British pay for an army to defend Hanover that included no British soldiers. On March 30, 1757, the Duke of Cumberland, son of King George II, was assigned to lead the allied army. Opposing Cumberland were around 100,000 men under the direction of the Duc dEstrà ©es. In early April the French crossed the Rhine and pushed towards Wesel. As the dEstrà ©es moved, the French, Austrians, and Russians formalized the Second Treaty of Versailles which was an offensive agreement designed to crush Prussia. Outnumbered, Cumberland continued to fall back until early June when he attempted a stand at Brackwede. Flanked out of this position, the Army of Observation was compelled to retreat. Turning, Cumberland next assumed a strong defensive position at Hastenbeck. On July 26, the French attacked and after an intense, confused battle both sides withdrew. Having ceded most of Hanover in the course of the campaign, Cumberland felt compelled to enter into the Convention of Klosterzeven which de-mobilized his army and withdrew Hanover from the war (Map). This agreement proved highly unpopular with Frederick as it greatly weakened his western frontier. The defeat and convention effectively ended Cumberlands military career. In an effort to draw French troops away from the front, the Royal Navy planned attacks on the French coast. Assembling troops on the Isle of Wight, an attempt was made to raid Rochefort in September. While the Isle dAix was captured, word of French reinforcements in Rochefort led to the attack being abandoned. Frederick in Bohemia Having won a victory in Saxony the year before, Frederick looked to invade Bohemia in 1757 with the goal of crushing the Austrian army. Crossing the border with 116,000 men divided into four forces, Frederick drove on Prague where he met the Austrians who were commanded by Browne and Prince Charles of Lorraine. In a hard fought engagement, the Prussians drove the Austrians from the field and forced many to flee into the city. Having won in the field, Frederick laid siege to the city on May 29. In an effort to recover the situation, a new Austrian 30,000-man force led by Marshal Leopold von Daun was assembled to the east. Dispatching the Duke of Bevern to deal with Daun, Frederick soon followed with additional men. Meeting near Kolin on June 18, Daun defeated Frederick forcing the Prussians to abandon the siege of Prague and depart Bohemia (Map). Previous: French Indian War - Causes | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: 1758-1759: The Tide Turns Previous: French Indian War - Causes | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: 1758-1759: The Tide Turns Prussia Under Pressure Later that summer, Russian forces began to enter the fray. Receiving permission from the King of Poland, who was also the Elector of Saxony, the Russians were able to march across Poland to strike at the province of East Prussia. Advancing on a broad front, Field Marshal Stephen F. Apraksins 55,000-man army drove back Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt smaller 32,000-man force. As the Russian moved against the provincial capital of Kà ¶nigsberg, Lehwaldt launched an attack intended to strike the enemy on the march. In the resulting Battle of Gross-Jgersdorf on August 30, the Prussians were defeated and forced to retreat west into Pomerania. Despite occupying East Prussia, the Russians withdrew to Poland in October, a move which led to Apraksins removal. Having been ousted from Bohemia, Frederick was next required to meet a French threat from the west. Advancing with 42,000 men, Charles, Prince of Soubise, attacked into Brandenburg with a mixed French and German army. Leaving 30,000 men to protect Silesia, Frederick raced west with 22,000 men. On November 5, the two armies met at the Battle of Rossbach which saw Frederick win a decisive victory. In the fighting, the allied army lost around 10,000 men, while Prussian losses totaled 548 (Map). While Frederick was dealing with Soubise, Austrian forces began invading Silesia and defeated a Prussian army near Breslau. Utilizing interior lines, Frederick shifted 30,000 men east to confront the Austrians under Charles at Leuthen on December 5. Though outnumbered 2-to-1, Frederick was able to move around the Austrian right flank and, using a tactic known as oblique order, shattered the Austrian army. The Battle of Leuthen is generally considered Fredericks masterpiece and saw his army inflict losses totaling around 22,000 while only sustaining approximately 6,400. Having dealt with the major threats facing Prussia, Frederick returned north and defeated an incursion by the Swedes. In the process, Prussian troops occupied most of Swedish Pomerania. While the initiative rested with Frederick, the years battles had badly bled his armies and he needed to rest and refit. Faraway Fighting While fighting raged in Europe and North America it also spilled over to the more faraway outposts of the British and French Empires making the conflict the worlds first global war. In India, the two nations trading interests were represented by the French and English East India Companies. In asserting their power, both organizations built their own military forces and recruited additional sepoy units. In 1756, fighting began in Bengal after both sides began reinforcing their trading stations. This angered the local Nawab, Siraj-ud-Duala, who ordered military preparations to cease. The British refused and in a short time the Nawabs forces had seized the English East India Companys stations, including Calcutta. After taking Fort William in Calcutta, a large number of British prisoners were herded into a tiny prison. Dubbed the Black Hole of Calcutta, many died from heat exhaustion and being smothered. The English East India Company moved quickly to regain its position in Bengal and dispatched forces under Robert Clive from Madras. Carried by four ships of line commanded by Vice Admiral Charles Watson, Clives force re-took Calcutta and attacked Hooghly. After a brief battle with the Nawabs army on February 4, Clive was able to conclude a treaty which saw all British property returned. Concerned about growing British power in Bengal, the Nawab began corresponding with the French. At this same time, the badly outnumbered Clive began making deals with the Nawabs officers to overthrow him. On June 23, Clive moved to attack the Nawabs army which was now backed by French artillery. Meeting at the Battle of Plassey, Clive won a stunning victory when the conspirators forces remained out of the battle. The victory eliminated French influence in Bengal and the fighting shifted south. Previous: French Indian War - Causes | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: 1758-1759: The Tide Turns